Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower: Behind the Scenes

By Gargi Ghosh 

*Updated on 28/3/2024*

The Eiffel Tower, also known as "La dame de fer" or "Iron Lady" locally, was built for the 1889 World's Fair and to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. At first, some important French artists and thinkers didn't like its design, but now it's loved worldwide and is one of France's most famous symbols. In 2022, 5,889,000 people visited the tower. It's the most popular paid-entry monument globally, with 6.91 million visitors in 2015. The tower became a historical monument in 1964 and was added to UNESCO's World Heritage Site list in 1991 under "Paris, Banks of the Seine."

The Eiffel Tower was constructed by a man named Alexandre Gustave Eiffel to mark the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. While Gustave Eiffel gets the credit, the original design actually came from two other people who were less well-known: Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier. They were the main engineers at Eiffel's engineering company. Another important person involved was the main architect, Stephen Sauvestre.

They started digging the foundations for the Eiffel Tower on January 28, 1887, and finished all the construction on March 31, 1889. Originally, they planned to keep the tower for only 20 years. Many people didn't like it and wanted it gone because they thought it was ugly and ruined the view of the Paris skyline. After 20 years, ownership of the tower went back to Paris.

Before building the Eiffel Tower, a team of 50 architects, engineers, and draftsmen made 5,300 drawings. Then, they made 18,000 pieces at Eiffel's factory outside of town. These pieces were made very precisely, accurate to 1/10 of a millimeter. They were put together to make bigger pieces, each 5 meters long, which were then taken to the construction site.

To assemble the Eiffel Tower, 132 workers were there to put all the pieces together. They used special rivets that were heated up and then hammered into place. It took 4 workers to assemble each rivet: one heated it, another held it, a third shaped the head, and the fourth hammered it in.

Building the Eiffel Tower cost 7,799,401.31 French gold francs in 1889, which is about $1,495,139.89 at that time. Today, it would cost around $36,784,020.11. It took 2 years, 2 months, and 5 days to finish building it. The tower stands 300 meters (980 feet) tall, not counting the 24-meter (79 feet) antenna on top. Its base is square, measuring 125 meters (410 feet) on each side.

The second floor platform is 115.5 meters (378 feet 11 inches) high. The tower holds 45,000 liters (12,000 US gallons) of paint, and the surface to be painted is 250,000 square meters (62 acres). Since it was built, the tower has been repainted 18 times, with only 25 painters hired each time. Three different colors of paint are used to make the tower look taller, with the lightest color at the top.

The Eiffel Tower is really tall, standing at 330 meters (1,083 feet), which is like an 81-story building. It's the tallest thing in Paris. The bottom part is square and measures 125 meters (410 feet) on each side. When it was built, it was taller than any other human-made structure in the world, including the Washington Monument. It held this record for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. The Eiffel Tower was the first structure to be over 200 meters and then 300 meters tall. In 1957, they added a broadcasting antenna on top, making it even taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 meters (17 feet). If you don't count antennas, it's the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct.

The Eiffel Tower has three floors where visitors can go. There are restaurants on the first and second floors. The highest part, the upper platform on the top floor, is 276 meters (906 feet) above the ground. It's the tallest spot people can go to in the European Union to see things. You can buy tickets to go up either by stairs or by lift to the first and second floors. It's more than 300 steps from the ground to the first floor, and the same from the first to the second floor, so the whole way up is about 600 steps. There are stairs that go all the way to the top floor, but usually, people take the lift. At the very top, on the third floor, there's a private apartment that Gustave Eiffel, who built the tower, used. He decorated it with furniture from Jean Lachaise and had guests like Thomas Edison over.

The Eiffel Tower is covered in 20,000 twinkling lights and 80 kilometers (50 miles) of cables. Every year, the paper used to print visitors' tickets weighs 2 tonnes (4,400 pounds). The top of the tower tilts away from the sun because the metal facing the sun heats up and expands. It can move up to 18 centimeters (7 inches) and grow 15 centimeters (6 inches) taller. Also, the tower was designed to sway a bit in the wind.

Over time, the city discovered that the Eiffel Tower could be useful for communications. They set up a lab to study things like gravity and electricity. During battles, the military used the tower to send wireless messages. It even helped catch a spy named "Mata Hari" during World War I. Nowadays, it sends radio and TV signals to Paris and beyond. People realized how helpful the tower was, so they didn't want it torn down anymore.

The Eiffel Tower also joined the green energy movement by adding two wind turbines on the second level. These turbines can make 10,000 kilowatts per hour (13,000 horsepower per hour) of electricity.

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an artist, and a graphic designer, as well as an author and former Principal. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021), she has published her poems in several international anthologies and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition

Food Security In India; NCERT; Class 9; Economics; Solutions

By Gargi Ghosh©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Diving into the complex tapestry of India's food security, this exploration navigates the economic nuances outlined in the chapter. From agricultural practices to governmental interventions, we unravel the solutions that hold the key to nourishing the nation.

Food Security in India

1.      How is food security ensured in India?

A:- To secure food for all segments of society, the Indian government has devised a food security framework, consisting of two key elements: (a) maintenance of buffer stock and (b) implementation of the public distribution system. Food security in India is maintained through the following means:

Ensuring the Availability of Food – utilizing domestically produced food and reserves from previous years stored by the Government.

Facilitating Accessibility of Food – ensuring that food reaches every citizen across the nation.

Ensuring the Affordability of Food – ensuring that every individual can afford safe and nutritious food.

 

2.      Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?

A:- Several vulnerable groups are particularly susceptible to food and nutrition insecurity in India. The most affected segments include:

 

(i) Rural population such as landless and land-poor households, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self-employed workers, and destitute, including beggars.

(ii) Urban workforce comprising people employed in low-paying occupations and casual laborers engaged in seasonal activities.

(iii) Socially disadvantaged communities, including Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

(iv) Residents of economically backward states with a high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, and regions prone to natural disasters.

(v) Individuals affected by natural disasters, leading to migration in search of work.

(vi) A significant portion of pregnant and nursing mothers, along with children under the age of 5 years.

 

3.      Which states are more food insecure in India?

A:- Food insecurity is more pronounced in economically disadvantaged states with a high poverty rate in India. Uttar Pradesh (especially its eastern and south-eastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, as well as certain regions of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, have a significant concentration of food-insecure populations in the country.

 

4.      Do you believe that green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?

A:- The Green Revolution in India, initiated post-independence, played a crucial role in achieving self-sufficiency in food grains. By focusing on the enhanced production of wheat and rice, India successfully averted famines even in challenging climatic conditions. The widespread cultivation of various crops across the nation ensured a consistent availability of food grains, establishing a robust food security system at the country level. Therefore, the Green Revolution can be credited with making India self-sufficient in food grains.

 

5.      A section of people in India are still without food. Explain?

A:- Despite a substantial increase in food grain production in India, a segment of the population still lacks access to food. This situation persists due to rising commodity prices, rendering certain individuals unable to afford an adequate supply of food for themselves and their families. Additionally, unemployment, particularly in rural areas, contributes to chronic hunger among the impoverished population.

 

6.      What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?

A:- During a disaster or calamity, the production and cultivation of food grains are significantly impacted. This leads to a decrease in production, resulting in a shortage of food grains and subsequent increases in their prices. If the calamity persists over an extended period, the affected region may become food insecure due to the sustained disruptions in agricultural activities.

 

7.      Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger?

A:- Hunger, a crucial aspect of food security, manifests in two forms: seasonal hunger and chronic hunger.

Seasonal hunger occurs when individuals face unemployment throughout the year, often linked to the cyclical nature of agricultural activities, affecting both rural and urban areas.

Chronic hunger results from consistently inadequate diets in terms of quantity and quality. This form of hunger is prevalent among the poor due to their low income, making it challenging to afford sufficient and nutritious food for survival.

 

8.      What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?

A:- The government introduced the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) in 2000, targeting the poorest below the poverty line. Around one crore families received 25 kg of subsidized food grains at rates of Rs. 2 per kg for wheat and Rs. 3 per kg for rice. Expanded in 2003, the scheme benefited close to 50 lakh families.

The Annapurna Scheme (APS), launched in 2000, focuses on providing food to senior citizens not covered by the National Old Age Pension Scheme. Eligibility requires applicants to be 65 years or older.

 

9.      Why buffer stock is created by the government?

A:- The government creates a buffer stock of food grains to facilitate distribution in food-deficit areas and among the economically disadvantaged at prices significantly lower than the market rate. This stock also serves as a solution to address food shortages during adverse weather conditions, disasters, or calamities. Maintaining a buffer stock is a strategic measure by the government to ensure food security.

 10.

(a) Minimum Support Price (MSP): The government, through the Food Corporation of India, purchases surplus wheat and rice from farmers at a pre-announced price known as the Minimum Support Price. This price is declared before each sowing season, and the procured grains are stored in granaries.

 

(b) Buffer Stock: Procured mainly by the Food Corporation of India, buffer stock comprises food grains like wheat and rice. It serves as a reserve that the government can utilize in times of calamities, disasters, or for the welfare of the poorer sections of society.

 

(c) Issue Price: Food stored in the buffer stock is distributed in deficit areas and among economically disadvantaged sections at a price lower than the market rate. This reduced price is referred to as the Issue Price.

 

(d) Fair Price Shops: Also known as Ration Shops, these outlets stock essential items such as food grains, sugar, and cooking kerosene. Available at prices below the market rate, these items are accessible to families with a ration card, allowing them to purchase a specified quantity each month from nearby ration shops.

 

11.   What are the problems of the functioning of ration shops?

A:- The functioning of ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops, faces several challenges:

 

1. Poor Quality of Food: The quality of food grains provided to the economically disadvantaged is often below the expected standards.

2. Malpractices: Ration shop dealers may engage in malpractices, withholding the full quantity entitled to the poor.

3. Irregular Opening: Some ration shops are not consistently open, causing inconvenience for those in need.

4. Incorrect Entries: Ration shopkeepers may update incorrect entries, leading to discrepancies in the distribution process.

 

12.   Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.

A:- Cooperatives are vital contributors to food security in India, particularly in the southern and western regions. In Tamil Nadu, 94% of fair-price shops are run by cooperatives. Notable examples include Mother Dairy in Delhi and Amul, both ensuring affordable rates for essential items. The Academy of Development Science (ADS) in Maharashtra establishes Grain Banks and influences government policies on food security. These cooperatives actively contribute to the distribution of food and related items.

 In the realm of India's economic landscape, addressing food security is not just a policy challenge; it's a commitment to the well-being of millions. As we wrap up our journey through solutions, we recognize the pivotal role economics plays in ensuring every citizen has access to the sustenance they need.

©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an author, an artist, and a graphic designer. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021). She has published her poems in several international anthologies, published two books and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition.

Climate; Class 9; Q & A (NCERT)

Climate:- The Q&A of Class 9 NCERT

By Gargi Ghosh©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Embarking on the riveting journey of understanding our planet's intricate climate system, Class 9 students delve into the pages of their NCERT textbooks, where a treasure trove of questions and answers awaits. The world of climatology is as fascinating as it is complex, and in this blog article, we're set to unravel the mysteries and insights hidden within the Q&A section of the Class 9 NCERT Climate chapter. From the mechanisms shaping weather patterns to the delicate balance of ecosystems, each question sparks a voyage of discovery. Join us as we navigate through the realms of Earth's climate, uncovering the secrets that lie within the very fabric of our environment. It's time to explore, question, and marvel at the wonders of the natural world!

Climate

 

1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?

(a) Silchar (c) Cherrapunji

(b) Mawsynram (d) Guwahati

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:

(a) Kaal Baisakhi (c) Trade Winds

(b) Loo (d) None of the above

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in north-western

part of India.

(a) Cyclonic depression (c) Western disturbances

(b) Retreating monsoon (d) Southwest monsoon

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:

(a) Early May (c) Early June

(b) Early July (d) Early August

(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold weather season in India?

(a) Warm days and warm nights

(b) Warm days and cold nights

(c) Cool days and cold nights

(d) Cold days and warm nights

 

1.      What are the controls affecting the climate of India?

A:- India's climate is influenced by various factors: latitude, altitude, atmospheric pressure and wind patterns, proximity to the ocean, ocean currents, and the relief features of the land.

 

2.      Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?

A:- India's climate is significantly shaped by the monsoon winds. Hence, it has a monsoon type of climate.

 

3.      Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?

A:- The Indian Desert in the northwestern part of India has an extreme diurnal temperature range due to the rapid heat absorption and release by the abundant sand.

Daytime temperatures can reach 50°C, while nighttime temperatures can drop to around 15°C. Additionally, the absence of an ocean nearby means there's no moderating influence on the temperature.

4.      Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?

A:- The Malabar Coast receives its rainfall from the southwest monsoon winds.

 

5.      What are Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?

A:- Jet streams, high-altitude westerly winds above 12,000 meters, vary in speed from 110 km/h in summer to 184 km/h in winter. The most consistent jet streams are the mid-latitude and subtropical ones, playing a role in monsoon season depressions.

 

6.      Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?

A:- Monsoon refers to the complete reversal of winds over a large area leading to a change of seasons.

A "break" in the monsoon refers to alternating wet and dry periods, where rainfall occurs for a few days, followed by rainless intervals.

 

7.      Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?

A:- While temperature conditions vary across India, the monsoon imparts a sense of unity. The seasonal shift in wind systems and associated weather patterns creates a rhythmic cycle of seasons that unifies the entire nation.

 

8.      Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India.

A:- Rainfall decreases from east to west in Northern India due to a gradual decline in the humidity of the prevailing winds. As these winds move westward, they lose moisture, leading to reduced rainfall in that direction.

 

9.      Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.

A:- India exhibits diverse climatic conditions across regions. In northern India, the cold weather season begins in mid-November, with December and January being the coldest months. Temperatures range from 10°C to 15°C in the northern plains, while Chennai on the eastern coast maintains an average of 24°C to 25°C. Frost is common in the north, and the Himalayan slopes experience snowfall.

As we move into March, the Deccan plateau records high temperatures of about 38°C. In April, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh experience around 42°C, and by May, northwestern parts see temperatures of up to 45°C. However, peninsular India maintains lower temperatures due to the moderating influence of the oceans. This variation in temperatures showcases the regional diversity of India's climate.

10.   Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.

A:- The factors influencing the Indian monsoon are as follows:

 

(a) Differential heating and cooling of land and water create low pressure over India and high pressure over the surrounding seas.

 

(b) The shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the Ganga Plain during summer, which is also known as the monsoon trough.

 

(c) The presence of a high-pressure area east of Madagascar at approximately 20°S over the Indian Ocean, which significantly impacts the Indian Monsoon.

 

(d) The intense heating of the Tibetan Plateau during summer, leading to strong vertical air currents and low pressure formation at a high altitude of about 9 km above sea level.

 

(e) The movement of the westerly jet stream north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer play a crucial role in the monsoon dynamics.

 

11.   Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.

A:- The Cold Weather Season in India, spanning from mid-November to February, is characterized by distinct weather conditions:

- Clear skies, low temperatures, and low humidity prevail during this period.

- Winds are generally feeble and variable.

- Temperature decreases from south to north, with the peninsular region experiencing less noticeable temperature changes due to the moderating influence of the sea.

- December and January are the coldest months, with warm days and cold nights.

- Frost is common in the northern parts, and the higher Himalayan slopes receive snowfall.

- Sub-tropical westerly jet streams south of the Himalayas bring cyclonic disturbances from the Mediterranean, resulting in winter rains on the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

- The Tamil Nadu coast also experiences winter rainfall due to the north-east trade winds blowing from the sea to the land.

 

12.   Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.

A:- Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India include:

(i) Monsoon duration of 100 to 120 days, typically from early June to mid-September.

(ii) A sudden increase in rainfall, known as the 'burst' of the monsoon, occurs around its arrival.

(iii) Monsoons feature wet and dry spells or 'breaks' in rainfall, with rain occurring for a few days at a time, interspersed with rainless intervals.

(iv) The uncertain character of monsoon rains is influenced by pulsating southwesterly winds affected by different atmospheric conditions, leading to highly variable annual rainfall.

(v) Rainfall is unevenly distributed across India, with maximum rainfall in parts of the western coast and northeastern regions, while some areas like parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Leh, and the leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little rainfall.

 

Effects of monsoon rainfall in India:

(a) Indian agriculture heavily relies on monsoon water, and late, insufficient, or excessive rains can negatively impact crops.

 

(b) Uneven rainfall distribution leads to drought-prone and flood-affected regions across the country.

 

(c) The monsoon shapes India's distinct climatic pattern, providing a unifying influence despite regional variations, uniting the country and its people.

As we conclude our exploration into the questions and answers of the Class 9 NCERT Climate chapter, it's evident that the study of our planet's climate is not merely a lesson in academia; it's a call to action. The more we unravel the intricacies of Earth's climate system, the more we realize our interconnectedness with the environment. From understanding the impact of human activities on climate change to appreciating the delicate dance of ecosystems, each answer unveils a layer of responsibility and awareness. Armed with knowledge, the Class 9 students are not just students; they are stewards of the Earth's future. The questions posed in the NCERT textbook serve as beacons, guiding us toward a sustainable and harmonious coexistence with nature. As we reflect on the lessons learned, let's carry the torch of environmental consciousness into our daily lives. The journey to comprehend the climate is ongoing, and with each answer discovered, we inch closer to creating a world where questions about the health of our planet become less daunting and more hopeful. In the grand symphony of nature, may our understanding be the melody that harmonizes with the Earth's rhythm.

©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an author, an artist, and a graphic designer. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021). She has published her poems in several international anthologies, published two books and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition.

Supernatural Theme in "One Hundred Years of Solitude"

Exploring the Supernatural Theme in "One Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel García Márquez

 

By Gargi Ghosh©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

"One Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel García Márquez is a literary masterpiece that weaves together the magical and the mundane, blurring the lines between reality and fantasy. The novel, often referred to as a prime example of magical realism, is a captivating exploration of the supernatural. In this article, I would like to delve into the supernatural themes that run through the heart of the novel.

Magical Realism: A Distinct Literary Style

Before delving into the supernatural themes, it's essential to understand the concept of magical realism, which defines much of Márquez's work. Magical realism is a narrative style where the extraordinary and the everyday coexist seamlessly. In "One Hundred Years of Solitude," the characters and the setting are saturated with the inexplicable, creating a sense of wonder and mystery.

The Buendía Family's Unusual Legacy

At the core of the novel is the Buendía family, whose lineage is marked by extraordinary events. The birth of a child with a pig's tail, the ability to foretell the future, and the recurring names and destinies are all elements that transcend the boundaries of reality. These instances emphasize the otherworldly nature of the Buendía family's existence.

Aureliano Buendía and His Solitary Quest

Aureliano Buendía's character embodies the supernatural aspect of the novel. He is marked by his solitude and his deciphering of the parchments left by Melquíades, a gipsy scholar who foresaw the family's destiny. Aureliano's solitude leads him on a journey of discovery, uncovering the secrets of Macondo, and eventually, the cryptic nature of existence itself.

The Ghostly Return of the Dead

Throughout the novel, there are instances where the deceased appears to the living. The most striking of these occurrences is the return of José Arcadio Buendía as a ghost, reenacting his past actions. This supernatural element blurs the boundaries of life and death, illustrating the cyclical nature of the Buendía family's history.

Melquíades: The Enigmatic Gypsy

Melquíades, the gipsy who befriends the Buendía family, is a character shrouded in mysticism. He serves as a guide to the supernatural world, offering his wisdom and knowledge to the Buendía descendants. His writings and prophecies hold the key to unravelling the novel's enigmas.

The Ascension of Remedios the Beauty

The character of Remedios the Beauty is one of the most enigmatic in the novel. Her ascent into the sky is a striking example of the supernatural. Her ability to defy gravity and transcend the physical world is a testament to the novel's exploration of the inexplicable.

In "One Hundred Years of Solitude," Gabriel García Márquez invites readers into a world where the supernatural is an integral part of everyday life. The novel's magical realism blurs the boundaries between reality and fantasy, inviting readers to embrace the mysteries of the human experience.

As you journey through the pages of this literary masterpiece, you'll find that the supernatural themes not only enrich the narrative but also mirror the complexities of existence itself. It's a testament to Márquez's storytelling prowess that he can make the extraordinary feel as natural as the rising sun in the world of Macondo.

©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an author, an artist, and a graphic designer. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021). She has published her poems in several international anthologies, published two books and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition.

Kolkata's Top 10 Must-Visit Tourist Attractions

By Gargi Ghosh©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Kolkata, the cultural capital of India, is a city that weaves a tapestry of history, art, and tradition. Its streets are a fusion of the old and the new, where colonial-era architecture stands alongside modern skyscrapers. If you're planning a visit to this vibrant city, here's a list of the top 10 must-visit tourist attractions that will offer you a taste of Kolkata's unique charm.

1. Victoria Memorial

Victoria Memorial, an architectural masterpiece, stands as a symbol of Kolkata's colonial heritage. This stunning white marble structure, built in honour of Queen Victoria, houses a museum with an extensive collection of art and historical artefacts.

2. Howrah Bridge

The iconic Howrah Bridge is one of Kolkata's most recognizable landmarks. This cantilever bridge, spanning the Hooghly River, is a marvel of engineering. It's a must-visit spot to witness the city's bustling life and river views.

3. Dakshineswar Kali Temple

Situated on the banks of the Hooghly River, Dakshineswar Kali Temple is a place of spiritual significance. The temple's serene ambience and stunning architecture make it a popular pilgrimage site.

4. Kalighat Kali Temple

Another revered place of worship, Kalighat Kali Temple is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. Devotees and visitors are drawn to its mystical aura and spiritual energy.

5. Indian Museum

The Indian Museum is one of the oldest and largest museums in India, boasting a vast collection of art, archaeology, and natural history. It's a treasure trove of knowledge and culture.

6. Science City

Science City is a haven for science enthusiasts of all ages. It features interactive exhibits, a planetarium, and a science park, making learning a fun and engaging experience.

7. Marble Palace

Marble Palace is a hidden gem in the heart of Kolkata. This palatial mansion is adorned with marble walls and houses an impressive collection of sculptures and art.

8. South Park Street Cemetery

For history buffs, the South Park Street Cemetery is a must-visit. It's a tranquil burial ground that houses the graves of many notable British and Indian personalities from the colonial era.

9. Belur Math

Located on the banks of the Hooghly River, Belur Math is a place of spiritual and architectural significance. It's the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission and showcases a harmonious blend of various religions.

10. Park Street

Park Street is Kolkata's food and entertainment hub. Lined with restaurants, cafes, and pubs, it comes alive at night and offers a vibrant social scene.

Kolkata's top 10 attractions offer a diverse range of experiences, from cultural immersion to historical exploration and spiritual reflection. The city's unique blend of tradition and modernity makes it a captivating destination for travellers of all interests.

So, as you plan your visit to this enchanting city, be sure to include these must-visit attractions on your itinerary. Each one tells a story of Kolkata's rich heritage and its place in the heart of India's cultural mosaic.

©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an author, an artist, and a graphic designer. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021). She has published her poems in several international anthologies, published two books and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition.

Shopping in Kolkata

Shopping in Kolkata: From Street Markets to Luxury Boutiques

By Gargi Ghosh©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Kolkata, often referred to as the "City of Joy," is not only known for its rich cultural heritage and scrumptious cuisine but also for its vibrant shopping scene. From bustling street markets filled with colourful fabrics and trinkets to upscale boutiques offering high-end fashion, Kolkata has something for every shopper. In this article, we'll take you on a journey through the diverse shopping experiences the city has to offer.

1. New Market: The Heart of Shopper's Paradise

If you're looking for a one-stop shopping destination in Kolkata, New Market is the place to be. Established in 1874, this iconic market is a treasure trove of clothing, accessories, jewellery, electronics, and more. From affordable clothing to unique handicrafts, you can find it all here. Don't forget to brush up on your bargaining skills to score the best deals.

2. Gariahat Market: A Shopper's Delight

Gariahat Market is another popular destination for shopping in Kolkata. It's famous for its traditional Bengali sarees and ethnic wear. You'll also find an array of footwear, accessories, and household items. The market is known for its cultural essence and is a favourite among locals.

3. Dakshinapan Shopping Complex: Crafts and Culture

For those interested in traditional Indian crafts and artefacts, Dakshinapan Shopping Complex is a must-visit. Located in the southern part of the city, it houses several state emporiums and boutique shops. You can shop for handwoven textiles, jewellery, and artwork, all representing different regions of India.

4. Quest Mall: Luxury Shopping Experience

If you're in the mood for luxury shopping, head to Quest Mall. It features renowned international and Indian brands, making it Kolkata's premier shopping destination for upscale fashion and lifestyle products. From designer clothing to fine jewellery, this mall has it all.

5. College Street: The Bookworm's Paradise

Kolkata is famous for its literary heritage, and College Street is the place to indulge in your love for books. Often called "Boi Para" (Book Market), this area is lined with numerous bookstores, both old and new. You can find rare and secondhand books, making it a haven for book enthusiasts.

6. Hatibagan Market: For Budget Shoppers

Hatibagan Market is known for its budget-friendly shopping options. It's a great place to buy everyday items, including clothing, accessories, and household goods, without burning a hole in your pocket.

Kolkata's shopping scene is a blend of tradition and modernity, catering to the diverse tastes of its residents and visitors. No matter where you choose to shop, you'll discover the city's unique charm and vibrant culture through its markets and boutiques.

So, whether you're a local or a traveller, don't miss the opportunity to explore Kolkata's shopping treasures. From the hustle and bustle of street markets to the elegance of luxury boutiques, this city has it all.

Remember, shopping in Kolkata is not just about buying products; it's about experiencing the city's essence and taking home a piece of its rich culture.

Happy shopping! 

©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an artist, and a graphic designer. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021). She has published her poems in several international anthologies and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition.

The Power of Healthy Relationships at Work

The Power of Healthy Relationships at Work: A Catalyst for Mental Health and Productivity

By Gargi Ghosh©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

In today's fast-paced and competitive work environments, the significance of healthy relationships at work cannot be overstated. Building positive connections with colleagues creates a supportive and nurturing atmosphere that not only impacts mental well-being but also enhances the overall productivity of a company. In this article, we will explore why healthy relationships at work are crucial, their profound effects on mental health and productivity, and practical ways to foster and maintain these relationships.

The Importance of Healthy Relationships at Work

1. Sense of Belonging: Healthy work relationships foster a sense of belonging and camaraderie among employees. When individuals feel like they are part of a supportive team, they are more likely to engage with their work passionately.

2. Reduced Stress and Anxiety: Strong bonds with colleagues create a buffer against workplace stress and anxiety. Employees are better equipped to handle challenging situations when they have a reliable support network.

3. Increased Job Satisfaction: When people feel valued and respected in their workplace relationships, job satisfaction rises. Happy employees are more likely to stay with the company, reducing turnover rates.

4. Enhanced Collaboration and Communication: Positive work relationships encourage open and effective communication, leading to better collaboration and problem-solving within teams.

The Impact of Healthy Relationships on Mental Health

1. Decreased Burnout: Healthy relationships act as a safety net against burnout. Employees who experience genuine care and support from their coworkers are less likely to experience emotional exhaustion.

2. Improved Emotional Well-being: Interactions characterized by empathy and understanding can significantly improve emotional well-being. Employees feel comfortable sharing their concerns and emotions, leading to a more compassionate work environment.

3. Resilience Building: In times of adversity, a support system can boost resilience. Colleagues who uplift each other through challenges can help individuals bounce back more effectively.

4. Mental Health Stigma Reduction: A culture of healthy relationships promotes open conversations about mental health, reducing the stigma associated with seeking support or accommodations.

The Connection between Healthy Relationships and Company Productivity

1. Enhanced Employee Engagement: When employees have meaningful connections with their colleagues, they are more engaged with their work. Engaged employees are more productive and contribute positively to the company's success.

2. Increased Collaboration and Creativity: A healthy work environment encourages collaboration and the exchange of ideas. Teams that communicate effectively are more likely to come up with innovative solutions.

3. Team Cohesion: Strong relationships lead to better team cohesion, as individuals are more inclined to work together harmoniously towards shared goals.

4. Lower Absenteeism and Presenteeism: Positive relationships at work can reduce absenteeism and presenteeism, where employees show up physically but are not fully engaged. Healthy employees are more likely to be present and productive.

Tips for Building and Maintaining Healthy Relationships at Work

1. Cultivate Open Communication: Encourage honest and transparent communication among team members and across hierarchies.

2. Practice Empathy and Active Listening: Show genuine interest in others' thoughts and feelings, and be understanding of their perspectives.

3. Recognize and Appreciate: Acknowledge and appreciate the efforts and contributions of your colleagues regularly.

4. Offer Support: Be available to provide support to coworkers during challenging times, both personally and professionally.

5. Participate in Team-Building Activities: Engage in team-building exercises and social events to strengthen connections outside of work tasks.

6. Resolve Conflicts Constructively: Address conflicts respectfully and constructively, seeking resolution rather than blame.

The power of healthy relationships at work extends far beyond just the workplace. By fostering an environment of support, empathy, and open communication, companies can significantly improve their employees' mental well-being and overall productivity. As individuals, we have the ability and responsibility to nurture these relationships, creating a positive and thriving work environment that benefits everyone involved.

©2023 G. Ghosh, All rights reserved

Written by Gargi Ghosh

Gargi Ghosh (M.A, B.Ed, M.B.A, TEFL) is an Educator, an artist, and a graphic designer. A winner of awards in the categories of Women's Award-An Inspiring Woman (2019), Most Socially Active Principal (2020), Top Educators of India (2020), and Top 100 Iconic Educators of India (2021). She has published her poems in several international anthologies and secured the 8th position in a Global Poetry Competition.